RADICAL or ION

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 A radical may be defined as an atom or group of atoms having positive or negative charge and behaves as a single unit in chemical changes. 

In the other words, all ionic compounds are made up of two opposite charged parts is called a radical. 

Radical are of two types depending upon the nature of charge carried by them. 

(i) Electro positive radical or Basic radical or Cation

(ii) Electric negative radical or Acid radical or Anion

Electro positive radical or Basic radical or Cation :-

The radical having a positive charge on it is known as Basic radical. 

Ex :- Na+, K+, Ca2+ etc. 

Electro negative radical or Acid radical or Anion :-

The radical having a negative charge on it is known as Acid radical. 

Ex :- Cl-, F-, I- etc. 

Radicals can be classified as follows:-

(a) Simple radicals

(b) Compound radicals

Simple radicals :- It is a radical containing only one kind of atom 

Ex:- Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, F-, I- etc. 

Compound radicals :- It is a radical consisting of two or more atoms of different elements. 

Ex :- CO3 2-, SO4 2- etc. 

(A) List of basic radicals Or Cations :-

i) Monovalent(Valency =1) :- Hydrogen - H+, Silver - Ag+, Sodium - Na+, Potassium - K+, Ammonium - NH4 +, etc. 

ii) Divalent (Valency = 2) :- Barium - Ba2+ , Cadmium - Cd2+, Calcium - Ca2+ , Cobalt - Co2+ , Nickel - Ni2+, Zinc - Zn2+ , Magnesium - Mg2+ , Manganese - Mn2+  etc. 

iii) Trivalent (Valency = 3) :- Aluminum - Al3+ , Boron - B3+ , Chromium - Cr3+  etc. 

iv) Tetravalent (Valency = 4) :- Carbon - C4+, Platinum - Pt4+ , Silicon - Si4+ etc. 

v) Pentavalent (Valency = 5) :- Arsenic - As5+ ,  Stibic - Sb5+ etc. 

(B) List of Acid radicals Or Anion :-

Sulphate = SO4 2-, Sulphite = SO3 2-, Sulphide = S 2- 

Bisulphate = HSO4 - , Bisulphite = HSO3 - , Bisulphide = HS - 

Phosphate = PO4 3-, Phosphite = PO3 3-, Phosphide = P 3- , 

Hydride = H-, Hydroxide = OH- 

Oxide = O 2-, Peroxide = O2 2- 

Manganate = MnO4 2-,  Permanganate = MnO4 - 

Aluminate = AlO3 3-,  Meta aluminate = AlO2 - 

Cyanide = CN-, Cyanate = CNO-, Thio cyanide = CNS- 

Hypobromite= BrO-, Hypophosphate = H2 PO2 -

Molybedate = MoO4 2- , Oxalate = C2 O4 2- , Plumbate = PbO2 2- 

Nitrate = NO3 -, Nitrite = NO2 - , Nitride = N 3- 

Carbonate = CO3 2- , Bicarbonate = HCO3 - 

Chloride = Cl-, Chlorate = ClO3 - , Perchlorate = ClO4 - , Hypochlorite = ClO - 

Acetate = CH3 COO -, Fluoride = F-, Bromide = Br-

Chromate = CrO4 2-, Dichromate = Cr2 O7 2-

Iodide = I - , Iodate = IO3 - , Hypoiodide = IO- 

Carbide = C4- etc. 


Formula, Common names and Chemical Names of some substance

Formula        Common names      Chemical names

NaHCO3         Baking soda       Sodium bicarbonate

HNO3              Aqua fortis                 Nitric acid

3HCl + HNO3        Aqua Regia

CaOCl2        Bleaching powder      Calcium oxychloride

NaCl(solution)             Brine                 Sodium chloride

NaNO3              Chile salt petre     Sodium nitrate

KOH                 Caustic potash     Potassium hydroxide

SiC                     Carborundum       Silicon carbide

CO2                    Dry ice                  carbon dioxide

H2 SO4          King of chemicals    Sulphuric acid

CaO                  Lime                       Calcium oxide

Ca(OH) 2          Lime water         calcium hydroxide 

KNO3                        Nitre                   Potassium nitrate

HCl                   Spirit of salt      Hydrochloric acid

CaO+NaOH      Soda lime          

CO + N2              Producer Gas  

SiO2                       Sand, Silica           Silicon dioxide

CH4                     Marsh gas                    Methane 

N2 O                  Laughing gas            Dinitrogen oxide

CuSO4 . 5H2 O   Blue vitriol           copper sulphate pentahydrate

Na2 B4 O7 . 10H2 O     Borax          sodium tetraborate decahydrate

MgSO4 . 7H2 O         Epsom salt       Magnesium sulphate heptahydrate

ZnSO4 . 7H2 O          White vitriol         Zinc sulphate heptahydrate

Na2 CO3 . 10H2 O     Washing soda      sodium carbonate decahydrate

CaSO4  .2H2 O        Gypsum           Calcium sulphate dihydrate






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