Royal Chemistry academy

  A radical may be defined as an atom or group of atoms having positive or negative charge and behaves as a single unit in chemical changes.  In the other words, all ionic compounds are made up of two opposite charged parts is called a radical.  Radical are of two types depending upon the nature of charge carried by them.  (i) Electro positive radical or Basic radical or Cation (ii) Electric negative radical or Acid radical or Anion Electro positive radical or Basic radical or Cation  :- The radical having a positive charge on it is known as Basic radical.  Ex :- Na+, K+, Ca2+ etc.  Electro negative radical or Acid radical or Anion  :- The radical having a negative charge on it is known as Acid radical.  Ex :- Cl-, F-, I- etc.  Radicals can be classified as follows :- (a) Simple radicals (b) Compound radicals Simple radicals  :- It is a radical containing only one kind of atom  Ex:- Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, F-, I- etc.  Compoun...

  VALENCY Definition :- It is defined as the number of electrons lost, gained or shared by one atom of an element in order to attain the stable configuration of inert gas element.  Ex :- In sodium chloride, sodium losses one electron to attain the stable configuration. Chlorine gains one electron and attains the stable configuration.  Therefore in NaCl, the valency of Na is +1 and Cl is -1 .  Sodium            Chlorine Symbol -                Na                                Cl Atomic number-    11                                17 Electronic Configuration -     2,8,1                         2,8,7   Na+ (2, 8)        ...

  FORMULA  :- Formula is the symbolic representation of the molecule of a substance.  Ex :- Water is represented by H 2 O, Sodium chloride is represented by NaCl etc.  Formula can be classified into three types:- i) Empirical / Simple formula ii) Molecular formula iii) Structural formula Empirical formula   In this type of formula, the ratio between the atoms of the various elements present in one molecule of the compound.  OR The simplest formula of the compound is called empirical formula.  Ex :- Actual formula of glucose is C 6 H 12 O 6   but its empirical formula is CH 2 O (1:2:1).  Molecular formula   It is defined as the actual number of atoms of the various elements present in one molecule of the compound. Ex :- Molecular formula of glucose is C 6 H 12 O 6   . It is made up of 6 atoms of'C' , 12 atoms of 'H' and 6 atoms of 'O'. Structural formula   In this type of formula, the atoms of various elements are link...

  SYMBOL  :- It is defined as an abbreviation (short hand sign) for the full name of an element.  Ex :- Hydrogen is represented by the symbol 'H' Oxygen is represented by the symbol 'O'  The first letter of the symbol is always capital while the second one is always small.  Ex :- Symbol of Nickel is 'Ni' not 'NI'.  List of some Elements   1- Hydrogen                     H 2- Helium                          He 3- Lithium                         Li 4- Beryllium                     Be 5- Boron                             B 6- Carbon                           C 7- Nitrogen ...

  ATOM :- An atom is defined as the smallest particles of an element which may or may not have independent existence.  Ex :-(i) Atoms of Cu, Fe etc.have independent existence.  (ii) Atoms of hydrogen, Oxygen etc.don't have independent existence.  MOLECULE  :- A molecule is defined as the smallest particle of an element or a compound which has independent existence.  Ex  :- CO 2 , O 2 , N 2 , etc.  Molecules can be classified into two types (I) Homoatomic molecules (II) Heteroatomic molecules Homoatomic molecules  :-In this type, two or more atoms of the same element combine to form molecules.  Ex :- i) Mono atomic molecules  :- They contain single atoms of the same element. He, Ne etc.are mono atomic molecules.  ii) Di atomic molecules   :- They contain two atoms of the same element. Oxygen (O 2 ) , Nitrogen (N 2 )  etc.are diatomic molecules.  iii) Tri atomic molecules  :- They contain three atoms of t...

MATTER  :- Matter is defined as anything that has weight and occupies space.  Ex  :- air, salt, water etc.  It can be classified into two categories:- (A) Physical classification (B) Chemical classification Physical classification   (I) SOLID STATE  :- Solids have definite shape and volume.  Ex :- Copper, Silver etc.  (II) LIQUID STATE  :- Liquids have definite but no shape.  Ex :- Water, Milk, oil etc.  (III) GASEOUS STATE  :- Gases have neither volume nor shape.  Ex :- Hydrogen, Oxygen etc.  Chemical classification   (i) HOMOGENEOUS MATTER  :- Matter that has uniform composition and identical properties throughout the phase is called homogeneous matter.  Ex:-  Water, sugar, oxygen etc. (A solution is also called homogeneous mixture)  (ii) HETEROGENEOUS MATTER  :-This type of matter is made of two or more components which are physically distinct.  Ex :- Mixture of sand and sulphur, ...

  Two or more compounds having same molecular formula but different physical and chemical properties are called Isomers and the phenomenon is called Isomerism.  It is mainly classified into two types.  1- Structural Isomerism 2- Stereo Isomerism Structural Isomerism :-  The structural Isomers are those Isomers in which the atoms are completely arranged in different order with the same molecular formula.  There are six types of structural Isomerism i.e (a) Chain Isomerism (b) Position Isomerism (c) Ring chain Isomerism (d) Functional Isomerism (e) Metamerism  (f) Tautomerism Chain Isomerism     When two or more compounds having same molecular formula  but different arrangement of the carbon chain then such compounds are called chain Isomers and the phenomenon is called chain Isomerism.      Ex-    Position Isomerism   The compounds having same molecular formula but different position of the functional group, carbo...

  IUPAC  NAME  (INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY)  There are 3 parts in an IUPAC name like (a) Prefix (b) Word root (c) Suffix Order to name of compound  :-[Prefix name + Word root + 1°-Suffix + 2°- Suffix] Prefix :- This is the side chain or substituent in a compound.  Ex-   Word root :- This is the name of C atom present carbon chain of the compound.  No. of carbon atom                    Word root C 1                                                              Meth C 2                                                  Eth C 3                       ...

There are two types of naming in organic compounds.  1- Trival nomenclature (Common name) .  2- IUPAC nomenclature.  In trival nomenclature of carbonyl (C=O) compounds    The word roots are used for C 1 - Form For  C 2 -  Acet For C 3 - Propion For C 4 - Butyr For C 5 - Valer             Ex- ALDEHYDE  (-CHO)                                     Word root + Aldehyde H-CHO                      Formaldehyde CH 3 -CHO                  Acetaldehyde CH 3 -CH 2 -CHO          Propionaldehyde CH 3 -(CH 2 ) 2 -CHO      Butyraldehyde CH 3 -(CH 2 ) 3  -CHO      Valeraldehyde CARBOXYLIC  ACID (-COOH)                     ...

 Organic compounds mainly contain hydrocarbon and these hydrocarbon classified into two types i.e. 1- Saturated hydrocarbon (Paraffin)  Name of these type of compound is Alkane. In which (C-C) single bond is present.  2- Unsaturated hydrocarbon ( Olefin)  (I) Alkene (C=C) double bond is present.  (II) Alkyne (C=_C) triple bond is present.  ALKANE (C-C)  General formula is  C n H 2n+2 Alkane = alk + ane                         = word root + suffix              Word root             formula (CnH2n+2)                  Naming For C  1 - Meth                            CH  4                                  Methane For...

Primary carbon (1°-carbon)  The carbon which is attached with only one carbon in a compound is called primary carbon.                                                     Ex- C H3- C H3 Secondary carbon (2°-carbon)  The carbon which is attached with two carbons atom in a compound is called secondary carbon.  Ex-CH3- C H2-CH3 Tertiary carbon (3°-carbon)  The carbon which is attached with three carbons atom in a compound is called tertiary carbon.  Ex-CH3- C H(CH3)2 Quaternary carbon (4°-carbon)  The carbon which is attached with four carbons atom in a compound is called quaternary carbon.  Ex- C (CH3)4 A special property of carbon Catenation property :- It is the self linking property of carbon due to high( C-C ) bond energy. As a result large number of carbon compound can be formed.  So, carbon can forms carbon chai...